بررسی ساختار بُعدی-عاملی توانایی‌های شناختی دانش‌آموزان پایه نهم تحصیلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

2 استاد گروه روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

3 استادیار گروه روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

4 دانشیار گروه روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

چکیده

هدف: بررسی ساختار بُعدی-عاملی توانایی­های شناختی، به‌دلیل این­که شواهدی درباره روایی ساختار آن از جنبه­های محتوایی و فرآیند­های شناختی ارائه می­کند، موضوعی مهم برای سنجش، مداخله و رشد این توانایی­ها می­باشد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی ساختار بُعدی-عاملی توانایی­های شناختی و ارائه مدلی برای این ساختار، در مقایسه با ساختارهای ارائه شده از توانایی­های شناختی مانند نظریّه هوش عمومی (عامل g)، انجام گرفت.
روش: روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی و از نوع مدل­سازی رابطه بین سؤال­ها و پاسخ­ها بود. حجم نمونه پژوهش مشتمل بر 1105 دانش­آموز پایه نهم تحصیلی بود (578 پسر و 527 دختر) که به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی طبقه­ای نسبتی از بین 32 دبیرستان شهر اهواز انتخاب شده بودند. تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده روش­های تحلیل خوشه­ای سلسله‌مراتبی مبتنی بر مجاورت کوواریانس شرطی (HAC/CCPROX) و شاخص PolyDETECT، مدل­سازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM)  و شبیه­سازی مونته­کارلو (Monte Carlo simulation) انجام گرفت.
یافته­ها: نتایج تحلیل­ها نشان داد ساختار توانایی­های شناختی دانش­آموزان دوبُعدی می­باشد. بُعد اول شناخت غیراجتماعی نام­گذاری شد که شامل شش عامل حافظه گذشته­نگر، حافظه آینده­نگر، کنترل­مهاری، تصمیم­گیری، برنامه­ریزی و توجّه­پایدار بود. بُعد دوم شناخت اجتماعی نام­گذاری شد که صرفاً شامل عامل شناخت اجتماعی بود. همچنین روایی و پایایی ابعاد و عامل­های به‌دست‌آمده مورد تأیید قرار گرفت.
نتیجه­گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد نظریّه تک­بُعدی هوش عمومی (عامل g)، نظریّه­ای کامل برای ساختار توانایی­های شناختی نمی‌باشد و عامل g قادر نیست واریانس شناخت اجتماعی را تبیین کند. به همین دلیل، نظریّه برآمده از این پژوهش، «نظریّه دوبُعدی توانایی­های شناختی اجتماعی-غیراجتماعی» نامیده شد. همچنین، نتایج این پژوهش یافته­های برخی پژوهش­ها مبنی بر این­که شناخت غیراجتماعی و شناخت اجتماعی دو بُعد متفاوت توانایی­های شناختی را تشکیل می­دهند، تأیید کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Dimensional-Factorial Structure of Cognitive Abilities of the 9th Grade Students

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Yazdanfar 1
  • Manijeh Shehni Yailagh 2
  • Ali Reza Haji Yakhchali 3
  • Sirous Alipour Birigani 4
1 Ph.D student in Educational Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Professor in Educational Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor in Educational Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
4 Associate Professor in Educational Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective: Investigating the dimensional-factorial structure of cognitive abilities is an important issue for measuring, interfering and developing these abilities as evidence of its structure's validity from the aspects of content and cognitive processes. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the dimensional-factorial structure of cognitive abilities and providing a model for this structure in comparison with the presented structures of cognitive abilities such as general intelligence theory (factor g).
Method: The research method was descriptive-analytic and modeling the relationship between items and responses. The sample size of the study consisted of 1105 ninth grade students (578 boys and 527 girls) selected by stratified random sampling from among 32 high schools in Ahwaz. Data analysis was performed using cluster analysis methods based on the conditional covariance proximity (HAC/CCPROX) and PolyDETECT, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Monte Carlo simulation.
Results: The results of the analysis showed that the structure of cognitive abilities of students is two-dimensional. The first dimension was named non-social cognition and includes six factors namely retrospective memory, prospective memory, inhibitory control, decision-making, planning, and sustain attention. The second dimension was called social cognition, which included only social cognition factor. Also, the validity and reliability of the dimensions and the obtained factors were confirmed.
Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the unidimensional theory of general intelligence (factor g) is not a complete theory for the structure of cognitive abilities and the factor g can not explain the variance of social cognition. Thus, the theory underlying the present study was called "Thetwo dimensionaltheory of social-nonsocialcognitive abilities". Also, the results of this study confirmed the findings of some studies that non-social cognition and social cognition form two different dimensions of cognitive abilities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • The two dimensional theory of social-nonsocial cognitive abilities
  • Two-dimensional scale of social-nonsocial cognitive abilities
  • dimensionality
  • mathematical performance
  • hierarchical cluster analysis
  • Monte Carlo simulation
  • PolyDETECT index

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راهبردهای شناختی در یادگیری
دوره 7، شماره 13
اسفند 1398
صفحه 91-118

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