The Interactive Effectiveness of Life skills Training based on cognitive and metacognitive abilities and Spiritual Intelligence on improving amount of University Students Knowledge of Life Skills

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The main purpose of this study is to determine the interactive effectiveness of LST based on cognitive and metacognitive abilities and SI on improving amount of university students' knowledge of life skills.
Method: 166 male and female university students were randomly selected out of our statistical society of 11370 students at Islamic Azad University of Borujerd (IAU of Borujerd). Then life skills knowledge questionnaire (Ahadi, 1386), and Spiritual Intelligence (SI) questionnaire (Naseri, 1386) were filled out by the subjects as a pre-test. Then, on the basis of the results of the Spiritual Intelligence questionnaire (either higher or lower than the average), the subjects were divided into four groups: Two experimental groups and two control groups and in each of them one possessed a higher score on SI and the other a lower score on SI in the same situation. The experimental groups in two separate classes of students with higher and lower score on SI participated in 16 sessions of 3 hours of the LST course based on instructional pattern of WHO (1996, 1999), in a time span of 8 weeks. At the end of the course and for the second time the subjects filled out LSK (Life Skill Knowledge) questionnaire as the post-test. Finally, after four months in order to figure out the stability or possible changes in the results, once more, in a follow-up study, the life skills knowledge questionnaire was administered.
Results: The results of data analysis using the “t” statistical test indicated that LST have a significant effect on improving amount of university students knowledge of life skills, though in interaction with SI, there is no significant effect on it.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that increasing students' awareness of life skills shapes the essential functions needed to prevents life problems and creates suitable confrontation with them and improves decision-making thereby helps to improve, maintain and promote mental health on their side.

Keywords

References

احدی، سحر (1386)؛ بررسی نگرش‌ها و میزان آگاهی دانشجویان دوره تحصیلات تکمیلی از مفهوم مهارت‌های ده‌گانه زندگی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی­ارشد. دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران. دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی.
امیری­برمکوهی، علی (1388)؛ آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی برای کاهش افسردگی. فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی (روانشناسان ایرانی). سال پنجم، شماره 20، 306-297.
پاکدامن­ساوجی، آذر؛ گنجی؛ کامران و احمدزاده، محمود (1391)؛ تأثیر آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی بر انگیزش ‌پیشرفت و پیشرفت ‌تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان. رفاه اجتماعی، شماره 12(47)، 245-265
ثمری، علی­اکبر؛ لعلی­فاز، احمد (1384)؛ مطالعه اثربخشی آموزش مهارت­های زندگی بر استرس خانوادگی و پذیرش اجتماعی. فصلنامه اصول بهداشت روانی. سال هفتم، شماره 25 و 26، 55-47.
رضایی، الهام؛ ملک‌پور، مختار؛ عریضی­سامانی؛ سیدحمیدرضا (1388)؛ بررسی تأثیر آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی بر میزان استرس و شیوه‌های مقابله با استرس نوجوانان مراکز شبه‌خانواده. دو فصلنامه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت-دانشور رفتار سابق. شماره 1(34)، 21-28.
کردنوقابی، رسول؛ شریفی، حسن­پاشا (1384)؛ تهیه و تدوین برنامه ی درسی مهارت‌های زندگی برای دانش‌آموزان دوره‌ی تحصیلی متوسطه. فصلنامه‌ی نوآوری‌های آموزشی. شماره 12، 34-11.
مقدم، مرضیه؛ رستمی­گوران، نرگس؛ آراسته، مدبر؛ شمس­علیزاده، نرگس و معروفی، آزاده (1393)؛ بررسی تأثیر آموزش واحدی مهارت‌های زندگی بر میزان آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان جدیدالورود درباره مهارت‌های زندگی و ارتقای توانمندی‌های روانی-اجتماعی آنان. مجله گام‌های توسعه در آموزش پزشکی. مجله مرکز مطالعات و توسعه آموزش پزشکی. دوره پنج، شماره 1، 34-26.
مهرابی­طالقانی، شیما (1387)؛ بررسی رابطه هوش معنوی، جهت‌گیری دینی و سخت روی در دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران.
ناصری، اسماعیل و سهرابی، فرامرز( 1386)؛ بررسی مفهوم و مؤلفه‌های هوش معنوی و ساخت ابزاری برای سنجش آن در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
ناصری، حسین (1382)؛ مهارت‌های زندگی. کتابچه‌ی مطالعه دانشجو. تهرات: انتشارات سازمان بهزیستی کشور.
ناصری، حسین (1382)؛ مهارت‌های زندگی. کتابچه‌ی کار دانشجو. تهرات: انتشارات سازمان بهزیستی کشور. 
Ahmadian, E., Hakimzadeh, A. & Kordestani, S. (2013); Job Stress and Spiritual Intelligence: A Case Study. World Applied Sciences Journal 22 (11), 1667-1676
Amram, Y. (2007); The seven dimensions of spiritual intelligence. Paper presented at the 115th Annual (August 2007) Conference of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. Retrieved October18,2009,from:http://www.yosiamram.net /docs/7_ Dimensions_ of_SI_APA_ confr_paper_ Yosi_Amram.pdf.
Amram, Y. (2009); The contribution of emotional and spiritual intelligences to effective business leadership. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, Palo Alto, CA.
Albertyn, R. M., Kapp, C. A. & Groenewald, C. (2002); Patterns of empowerment in individuals through the course of a life-skills programme in South Africa. Studies in the Education of Adults. 33(2), 180–200.
Botvin, G., Mihalic, S. F. & Grotpeter, J. K. (1998); Life skills training: Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book Five. Blueprints for Violence Prevention Series (D.S. Elliott, Series Editor). Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
Emmons, R. A. (2000a); Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26.
Emmons, R. A. (2000b); Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 57-64.
Green, William N. & Noble, Kathleen D. (2010); Fostering Spiritual Intelligence: Undergraduates’.
Growth in a CourseAbout Consciousness. [Electronic version]. Advanced Development Journal, Volume 12, 26-48.
Halama, P. and Strizenec, M. (2004). Spiritual, existential or both? Theoretical considerations on the nature of "higher intelligences" [Electronic version]. Studia Psychologica, 46(3), 239-253.
Itliong-Maximo, S. (2006); The constructs of spiritual intelligence, its correlates with stress management and variation across selected variables. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Saint Louis University, Baguio City.
King, D. B. (2008); Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, and measure. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
King, D. B. (2010); The spiritual Intelligence. A Global Emergence. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from: http://www.dbking. Net/spiritual intelligence.
Lickers, E. (2003); Healing the spirit. Canadian Journal of Native Education; 27(1), 55-60.
Mangrulkar, L.; Vince Whitman, C. and Posner, M. (2001); Life skills approach to child and adolescent healthy human development. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. Retrieved May 8, 2009. From: http://www.paho.org/ English/HPP /HPF/ADOL/Lifeskills.pdf.
Mayer, J. D. (2000); Spiritual intelligence or spiritual consciousness? [Electronic version]. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 10(1), 47–56.
National Health Promotion Associates (2013); Botvin Life Skills Training. [Electronic version]. Retrieved October 24, 2013, from: http://www.lifeskillstraining.com/.
Nasel, D. D. (2004); Spiritual orientation in relation to spiritual intelligence: A consideration of traditional Christianity and New Age/individualistic spirituality. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, the University of South Australia, South Australia University.
Paynter, R, A. (2001); Introducing spirituality into New Start Life Skills. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Royal Roads University.
Gardner, H. (2000); A case against spiritual intelligence. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 27-34.
Sisk, D. (2008); Engaging the spiritual intelligence of gifted students to build global awareness in the classroom [Electronic version].  Roeper Review, 30(1), 24-30. 
Smith, T. A.; Genry, L. S. and Ketring, S. A. (2005); Evaluating a youth leadership life skills development program [Electronic version]. Journal of Extensive. 43(2), 161-169.
Smith, E. A.; Swisher, J. D.; Vicary, J. R.; Bechtel, L. J.; Minner, D.; Henry, K. L. & et al. (2004); Evaluation of life skills training and infused-life skills training in a rural setting: outcomes at two years. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education, 48, 51-70.
UNICEF. (2003); which skills are "life skills"? Retrieved October 8, 2009, from:http://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/index_whichskills.html.
UNICEF. (2013); Life skills. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/
Vaughan, F. (2002); What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16-33.
West, W. (2004); Psychotherapy and spirituality: crossing the line between therapy and religion. Sage Publications Ltd.
WHO. (2009); Investing in mental health [Electronic version]. Geneva, World Health Organization.
WHO. (2013); World Mental Health Day [Electronic version]. Retrieved October 22, 2013, from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/world-mental-health-day/en/index.html.
WHO. (1996); Life skills education: planning for research [Electronic version]. Geneva.
WHO. (1999); Partners in Life skills education. Conclusions from a United Nations Inter-agency Meeting [Electronic version]. Geneva (WHO/MNH/MHP/99.2).
WHO. (2013); Psychosocial strategies which enhance independent living and social skills [Electronic version]. Retrieved October 22, 2013, from: http: //www .who .int/mental _health /mhgap/evidence/psychosis/q11/en/.
Wichroski, M. A.; Zunz, S. J.; Forshay, L; Knight, S. E. & Hebert, S. (1999); Welfare to work in New Hampshire: A preliminary analysis of a family life skills program. Paper presented at the annual workshop of the National Association for Welfare Research and Statistics, Cleveland, OH. Retrieved May 9, 2009, from: http://www.nawrs.org /ClevelandPDF /wichroski.PDF.
Yang, K. P. (2006); The spiritual intelligence of nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Research. 14(1), 24-35.
Zohar, D. and Marshall, I. (2000); SQ: Spiritual intelligence, the ultimate intelligence. London: Bloomsbury.
 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics